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426-431 |
2 |
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419-425 |
3 |
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416-418 |
4 |
TOXICITY, STERILITY AND BIOCHEMICAL TESTING OF NOVEL DTP GROUP OF VACCINES
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*Monika Sharma, Hemant Brahmne and Pallavi Bafna |
Abstract
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Conventionally, toxicogenic strains of C. diphtheria, C. tetani and B. pertussis are grown on a media of animal origin for production of DTP group of vaccines. This media poses various risks such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), microbial contamination and allergic reactions. To avoid such risks, media containing nutrients of vegetative origin are substituted. The present study involves the toxicity, biochemical and sterility testing of DTP group of vaccines produced on such vegetative media to determine their quality and safety. Toxicity tests are based on the observation that there are body weight changes characteristic to each vaccine and such standardized changes can be used as references for evaluating test vaccines. Sterility test was performed on the final bulk and lot to confirm that the product is free of bacterial and mycotic contamination. Biochemical tests were also carried out to determine the content of aluminium, thiomersal and formalin. The results confirmed that the DTP vaccine samples met the criteria set by I.P., 2007 for toxicity, sterility and safety. <br />
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406-415 |
5 |
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401-405 |
6 |
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392-400 |
7 |
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386-391 |
8 |
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380-385 |
9 |
OPTIMIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS FOR MAXIMUM TANNASE PRODUCTION FROM CASHEW HUSK
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*Lokeswari N |
Abstract
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Tannase production under solid-state fermentation was investigated using isolated Aspergillus oryzae. Among all agro-industrial waste material evaluated, cashew husk supported maximum tannase production. The metabolic processes of microorganisms are influenced by changes in parameters like Temperature, pH, incubation time, humidity etc., which are very specific for a particular organism. Microbial synthesis of enzymes in a SSF process are also affected by factors like particle size of substrate, water content, relative humidity, type and size of inoculum, control of temperature, period of cultivation, etc. Biotransformation of cashew husk tannin to gallic acid by SSF is also influenced by all the factors affecting tannase production, since the synthesized enzyme causes the breakdown of tannin to gallic acid and glucose.
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375-379 |
10 |
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366-374 |
11 |
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362-365 |
12 |
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356-361 |
13 |
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353-355 |
14 |
EFFECT OF OFLOXACIN ON TIZANIDINE PHARMACOKINETICS IN RATS
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*Dipika S. Sherkar, Vaibhav G. Bhamre, Deelip V. Derle, Minal R. Narkhede, Jitesh H. Shet and Amit Tiwari |
Abstract
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Objective of this work was to study the effect of ofloxacin on bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of tizanidine in rats. A single dose parallel design was used with 36 animals randomly divided in reference group and test group. All the rats received 7 mg tizanidine orally and in test group 200 mg ofloxacin was co-administered with tizanidine. Nine blood samples were collected from each animal over a 24-hour period. Plasma tizanidine concentrations were determined by HPTLC using UV detection, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental method. The mean value of the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of tizanidine decreased significantly (8.47%, P value <0.001; 90% CI, 91.32% -91.72%) in animals who had given the drug with ofloxacin (Cmax , 31.54 ± 0.16 µg/mL) than those who had given the drug with water (Cmax, 34.46 ± 0.07 µg/mL). The area under the plasma concentration time curve from t=0 to time of the last measureable concentration (AUC0-t) was also increased significantly (17.17%, P value <0.001; 90% CI, 116.99% -117.34%). Similarly, the value of area under the concentration-time curve from t=0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) value was increased significantly (5.24% %, P value <0.001; 90% CI, 103.77% -104.83%); these changes were not within the 90% CI range of 80.000 - 125.000 % which is the acceptable range of bioequivalence. Tmax, T1/2, terminal elimination rate constant (λz), CL/F value, Vd/F value, AUMC0-t and AUMC0-∞ values, MRT0-t and MRT0-∞ values and % relative bioavailability (Fr) value for test group were also determined and compared with reference group. Form results the values of Cmax and AUC0-∞ were not within the bioequivalence acceptable range and from statistical analysis the reference and test samples were found to be bio-in-equivalent, suggesting the improved tizanidine oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy due to co-administration of ofloxacin.
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348-352 |
15 |
TOXICOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN LEGAL CONTEXT FOR VETERINARIANS
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*Modi CM, Dudhatra GB, Avinash Kumar, Chukewar AB, Awale MM, Patel HB and Mody SK |
Abstract
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Due to rapid industrial expansion and change in socio-economic dynamics of human population, the death and also cruelty to animals due to toxicant, poisons or industrial or agricultural chemicals is very common social phenomenon now a days. The prevention of such incidences depends on investigation of incidence, finalizing causes of death and cruelty to animals and formulating policy based on findings and experiences. Under such toxicological investigation, Veterinarian plays key role by offering his services to law enforcing agency for performing the post-mortem, collection of samples, submitting the samples to forensic laboratory and interpretation of results hereby obtained. All these functions become very crucial when there is involvement of legal disputes or conflicts. Under such condition, Veterinarian is authorized sources of expert evidence and opinions as per Expert Witness Act of India. Veterinarian has to present his findings and related opinions in the presence of court jury. Admissibility of expert evidences and opinions depends on accuracy of Veterinarian’s professional functions performed during investigation of cases. It is a challenging job for Veterinarian to investigate veterolegal cases in field condition in order to protect the interest of animal or owner or society or government. So the intersection of knowledge of toxicological and legal matters is of vital for Veterinarians to understand and to conduct such investigation in most correct ways. The present review is focused on blending of technicality of toxicological investigation and its legality for the use of court and jury. <br />
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341-347 |
16 |
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337-340 |
17 |
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333-336 |
18 |
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330-332 |
19 |
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327-329 |
20 |
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322-326 |
21 |
A VALIDATED RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GUAIFENESIN AND PSEUDOEPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM
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*Rahul Sahu, NPS Sengar, Parul D. Mehta and NS Lodhi |
Abstract
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A simple, accurate, rapid, precise, specific and cost effective reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method have been developed and subsequently validated for simultaneous estimation of Guaifenesin (GUA) and Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography is carried out isocratically at 25°C ± 0.5°C on an Prontosil C-18 column (4.6 x 250mm, 5μ particle size) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-methanol-phosphate buffer (pH-5.0) (72:8:20, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Detection was carried out using a PDA detector at 218 nm. Parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, specificity and ruggedness are studied as reported in the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The retention times for GUA and PSE are 2.99 ± 0.5 min and 5.04 ± 0.5 min respectively. The linearity range for GUA and PSE are 15-75 µgml-1 and 6-30 µgml-1 respectively. The percentage recoveries of GUA and PSE are 98.72 and 98.35% respectively. The correlation coefficients for both components are close to 1. The relative standard deviations for three replicate measurements in three concentrations of samples in tablets are always less than 2%. <br /><br />
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317-321 |
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HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF LAWSONIA INERMIS AGAINST PARACETAMOL AND ANTI-TUBERCULAR DRUGS INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS
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*Ravishah S, Manjula SN, Mruthunjaya K, Krishnanand P, Pramod Chakravarthy KN, Madhu Raghav M, Javia Sweety and Mina Basirian |
Abstract
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The present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of roots of Lawsonia inermis (LI) ethanolic extract in paracetamol and anti tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Roots of LI were extracted with alcohol and water which has given ethanolic extract of LI & aqueous extract of LI. Preliminary phytochemical tests were done. The in vitro hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of lawsonia inermis (LIALC) and aqueous extract of lawsonia inermis (LIAQ) were assessed. The in vivo hepatoprotective activity of LIALC was investigated against Paracetamol and Anti-TB drugs induced hepatotoxicity in Rats. Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of lactones, flavonoids, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, tannins compounds, which have been known for their hepatoprotective activities. In both in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective models, the levels of cytosolic enzymes, a marker of oxidative damage to hepatocytes, were significantly reversed to almost to normal in dose dependent manner. Both the extracts significantly increased the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione (GSH) as compared to control. LI possesses marked hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol and anti tubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity in rats as evidenced by both in vivo and in vitro results. The activity may be attributed to the individual or combined action of phytoconstituents present in it.<br />
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306-316 |
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SYNTHYSES, REACTIONAND CHARACTRIZATION OF QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES
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*O.A. Fathalla, M.E.A. Zaki, Eman A. ElHefny and S.A. Swelam |
Abstract
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Starting with 4, 7-dichloroquinoline and on treatment with hydrazine hydrate we obtained the hydrazine derivative 1. Compound 1 reacted with dithioacetal to give compounds 2a, b, respectively. Compound 2a reacted with formamide and formic acid to give compounds 3 and 4. The imidoformate derivative 5 obtained through the reaction of compound 2a with trimethyl orthoformate in presence of acetic anhydride. The imino derivatives 6a-c was obtained upon reacting of 5 with hydrazine hydrate and appropriate primary amines. The chloroquinoline derivative 7 was subjected to react with glycine, anthranilic acid, hydrazine hydrate and appropriate primary amines affording compounds 8, 9, 10a-d, respectively Also compound 10a was allowed to react sodium azide and acetohydrazid affording fused quinolone derivatives 11and 12. Compounds 2a and 2b were allowed to react with aryl sulfonylchloride, namely benzene sulfonylchloride, p-toluene sulfonylchloride p-chlorosulfonylchloride and p-bromo benzene sulfonylchloride to give the corresponding 13a-d, 14a-d derivatives, respectively. All structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by their correct values in elemental analysis and spectral data.
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299-305 |
24 |
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294-298 |
25 |
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF RITCHIEA LONGIPEDICELLATA FAM. CAPPARIDACEAE
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*Anowi CF, Utoh-Nedosa UA, Onyegbule AF and Oche G |
Abstract
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Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg had been reported in traditional medicine, to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg leaves against pathogenic microorganisms by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration and to serve as criteria to recommend the ethno pharmacological uses of the plant. Plant leaves were dried, powdered and extracted by cold maceration with methanol for 24hours. Phytochemical screening was done for alkaloids, saponin, essential oil, phenolic group, steroidal nucleus, simple sugar, starch, cyanogenic glycoside, proteins and flavonoids using standard procedures. Antimicrobial and minimal inhibitory concentration screenings were done using agar diffusion technique. Antibacterial activity test was conducted by screening against seven pathogens comprising both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria obtained from Pharmaceutical Microbiology laboratory stock. The extracts were screened against 24hour broth culture of bacteria seeded in the nutrient agar at concentrations 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml in DMSO and incubated at 370C, for 24 hours and measuring the inhibition zone diameter - IZD. The same was done for antifungal screening, however, fungi were seeded into a sabouraud dextrose agar and incubated for 72 hours at 250C (.Aspergillus niger and Candida albican were used). The positive controls were ampicillin 20µg/ml and clotrimazole cream 1mg/ml for bacteria and fungi respectively. DMSO was used as negative control. The results of phytochemical screening showed moderate availability of alkaloid, simple sugar and abundance of flavonoids, steroidal nucleus, essential oil, phenolic group, cyanogenic glycoside; absence of starch and protein and doubtful quantity of saponin. Methanolic extract inhibited with minimal inhibitory concentration of 200, 6.25, 200, 12.5, and 12.5 mg/ml against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, E. coli, B. subtilis, and Sarcinae lutea respectively. The extract demonstrated activities against certain bacteria confirming the use of the plant in ethno pharmacology and since the root extract are more often used, it is yet to be confirmed if it has more activity than the leaves against the test organisms. Taking the least IZD of the standard (Ampicillin) as the breaking point, most of the extracts passed the breaking point. <br />
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287-293 |
26 |
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278-286 |
27 |
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271-277 |
28 |
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260-271 |
29 |
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252-259 |
30 |
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244-251 |
31 |
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237-243 |
32 |
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230-236 |