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224-229 |
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218-223 |
3 |
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON BUCCAL DELIVERY
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*Murali krishna K, Nagaraju T, Gowthami R, Rajashekar M, Sandeep S, Himabindu S and Shravan kumar Yamsani |
Abstract
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The main aim for the oral delivery of most of the drugs as potential therapeutic agents is their extensive presystemic metabolism, instability in acidic environment resulting into inadequate and erratic oral absorption. Parenteral route of administration is the only established route that overcomes all these drawbacks associated with these orally less/inefficient drugs. But, these formulations are costly, have least patient compliance, require repeated administration, in addition to the other hazardous effects associated with this route. Buccal cavity was found to be the most convenient and easily accessible site for the delivery of therapeutic agents for both local and systemic delivery as retentive dosage forms, because it has expanse of smooth muscle which is relatively immobile, abundant vascularization, rapid recovery time after exposure to stress and the near absence of langerhans cells. Direct access to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein bypasses drugs from the hepatic first pass metabolism leading to high bioavailability. <br />
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205-217 |
4 |
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200-204 |
5 |
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195-199 |
6 |
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187-197 |
7 |
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181-186 |
8 |
SCREENING OF NOOTROPICS: AN OVERVIEW ON PRECLINICAL EVALUATION TECHNIQUES
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*Mali AA, Shenoy PA, Bandawane DD, Nipate SS and Chaudhari PD |
Abstract
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Nootropics are also referred as smart drugs, memory enhancers, and cognitive enhancers. They are reported to improve mental function such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention and concentration. They are thought to be work by altering the availability of brains supply of neurochemicals, by improving the brains oxygen supply or by stimulating nerve growth. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegerative disorder which affects older individuals and is the most common cause of dementia. It may progress to a totally vegetative state. Atrophy of cortical and sub-cortical areas is associated with deposition of β-amyloid protein in the form of senile plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. There is marked cholinergic deficiency in the brain, though other neurotransmitter systems are also affected. Various measures to augement cholinergic transmitter in the brain have been tried. The relatively cerebroselective anti-ChEs have been approved for clinical use. There are number screening models available for preclinical evaluation of nootropics drugs. Newer models are developed in accordance with limitations of the earlier one. In-vitro methods inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity is measured by determining IC50 with the help of Log probit analysis. In ex-vivo cholinesterase inhibition method the dose response relationship determined for drugs such as physostigmine and tacrine. Studies on molecular form of AchEs are carried in rat frontal cortex and striatum for drug such as donepezil, tacrine. Agents which are H3 receptor agonist are evaluated for [3H] Ach release activity in rat using rat brain slices. The binding affinity of potential nicotinic cholinergic agonist in brain using agonist ligand is determined by [3H]-N- methyl carbamylcholine binding nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat frontal cortex. In In-vivo methods the inhibitory passive avoidance the test are carried on animals to test the learning and memory capacity of animal by suppressing a particular behavior. It includes step down, step through, two compartment test, up-hill avoidance, scopolamine induced test, and ischemia induced amnesia, memory impairments in basal forebrain. In active avoidance conditioned stimulus is given to the animal, which gives noxious stimulus as a result. It includes runway avoidance, shuttle box avoidance, jumping avoidance. In discrimination learning animals have no choice between the conditioned stimuli. Studies on aged monkeys provides additional advantage for neurobehavioral animal model of aging in that many of behavioral processes thought to be affected by aging.
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159-180 |
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156-158 |
10 |
NEEDLE FREE INJECTION TECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW
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*Vishnu P, Sandhya M, Sreesh Kiran R, Vani ChV and Naveen Babu K |
Abstract
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Needle-free injection systems are novel ways to introduce various medicines into patients without piercing the skin with a conventional needle. They can take the form of power sprays, edible products, inhalers, and skin patches. Needle-free systems are designed to solve these problems making them safer, less expensive, and more convenient. It is anticipated that these systems will increase the incidence of vaccination and reduce the amount of prescribed antibiotics. Moreover, they should reduce the number of needle stick accidents that have resulted in some health care workers contracting diseases. Today, they are a steadily developing technology that promises to make the administration of medicine more efficient and less painful. Companies are still working on producing devices that are safer and easier to use. They are also working on alternatives which can deliver even more types of medicines.
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148-155 |
11 |
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142-147 |
12 |
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129-149 |
13 |
EFFECTS OF BINDERS, LUBRICANTS AND FILLERS ON DRUG RELEASE FROM DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLOIDE BI-LAYERED MATRIX TABLETS OBTAINED BY DIRECT COMPRESSION AND WET GRANULATION TECHNIQUE
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*Naga Raju Potnuri, Devala Rao G, Srinivasa Rao A, Gnaneshwar Reddy M and Shashidhar Reddy S |
Abstract
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The present study is aimed to study and investigate the effects of binders, lubricants and fillers influencing the drug release from the Diltiazem hydrochloride bi-layered matrix tablets containing matrix components such as natural polymer (Gum Olibanum) and hydrophilic polymer (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose). The amount of drug loading did not affect the drug release which was influenced by the hydrodynamic force and the matrix composition. An increase in the binder concentration (eg: 10, 20 and 30%) correspondingly increased the release rate of drug from matrices except gelatin as a binder. Moreover, incorporation of soluble diluents in core or barrier could enhance the drug release. The release kinetics and mechanism of drug release by regression coefficient analysis and Higuchi constant and Peppas exponential release model equation were also investigated. It was observed that all the fabricated tablets delivered the drug following Higuchi diffusion mechanism and the release mechanism of DHL from matrix tablets indicated Fickian transport mechanism. The in-situ interactions between the drug, polymers and excipients (binders, lubricants and fillers, etc.,) during wet granulation process are also investigated by DSC examination. Most dissolution profiles of the prepared DHL bi-layered tablets provided a better fit to zero order kinetic than to first order kinetic and Higuchi’s equation. All the batches were evaluated by physical parameters like “weight uniformity, hardness, friability, drug content uniformity” and in vitro drug release characteristics as per USP XXIV monograph. The binder’s [starch, gelatin and polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000)] effect on drug release from the dosage form was also investigated.
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117-128 |
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CYCLODEXTRINS: NANOCARRIERS FOR NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY
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*Kishore Rapolu, Vinaydas Aatipamula, Kavitha Jayapala Reddy and Swathi Voruganti |
Abstract
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Cyclodextrins are cyclic (α -1, 4)-linked oligosaccharides of α -D-glucopyranose containing a relatively hydrophobic central cavity and hydrophilic outer surface. Cyclodextrins, which can serve as solubilising and stabilizing agent of drug, are very significant in improving the bioavailability of drug, increasing the solubility, decreasing the stimulation, and masking the Smell. The objective of this review is to discuss and summarize some of the findings and application of novel cyclodextrin based nanocarriers. The nanoparticles, taking cyclodextrins as the matrix, can enhance the capability of encapsuling the guest molecule; efficiently regulate the drug release rate and targeting of drug. This review also highlights the molecular structure, properties like complexation solubility, etc. of cyclodextrins and focuses on its usage in various nanocarriers like liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles and nanosponges. Thus cyclodextrins, because of their continuing ability to find several novel applications, are expected to solve many problems associated with the delivery of different novel drugs through different approaches of nanotechnology.
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109-116 |
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HYPOGLYCEMIC AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF TUBEROUS ROOTS OF DECALEPIS HAMILTONII IN NORMAL AND STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
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*Venkata Suresh J, Ganapaty S and Venkat Rao N |
Abstract
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Alcoholic and aqueous extract of tuberous roots of Decalepis hamiltonii (DH) were prepared and given individually orally at different doses to different groups of rats fasted for 18 h (both normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic albino rats). The serum glucose levels were measured initially at 0 h (before treatment) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h after the treatment. The alcoholic extract of tuberous roots of D. hamiltonii (AETRDH) at higher dose (200 mg/kg) produced maximal serum glucose lowering effect in both normal and STZ induced diabetic rats. The aqueous extract of tuberous roots of D. hamiltonii (AQETRDH) produced maximal percent reduction in serum glucose levels with higher dose (400 mg/kg). AETRDH and AQETRDH produced hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activities at 3 h in normal and STZ induced diabetic rats in a dose dependent manner. The effect produced by AETRDH was found better than that of standard gliclazide (2 mg/kg) an oral hypoglycemic agent. The AETRDH has exhibited higher and better hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activity for a prolonged period than that of the AQETRDH.
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101-108 |
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97-100 |
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90-96 |
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84-89 |
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80-83 |
20 |
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71-79 |
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64-70 |
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55-63 |
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46-54 |
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39-45 |
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33-38 |
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26-32 |
27 |
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21-25 |
28 |
CELL PHONE INDUCED SPERMATIC & BIRTH DEFECTS ON ALBINO RAT
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*Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo, Sarda Prasad Sarangi, Viren kumar Patel and Mohanlal kori |
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The flooding of cell phone and towers in world market cause hazardous issue from public health to its future generation. This revengeful interaction between cell phone and human being is depends upon the time and frequency of exposure of electromagnetic waves, which emitted from cell phones. This radiation may cause genotoxic on exposed animals and also may affect to its future offspring. Here we give special attention on the defect of sperm cell on parent animal and gives birth defect to their offspring due to exposure of electromagnetic waves. This defect can be observed by using the male albino rats with the exposure of cell phone for a period of three months. The special cage was designed as mobile stand to keep mobile inside the cage. After termination period, the male animals were mated with female animals for observing birth defect. After gestation period, the delivery statuses of female animals were noted. The current result found that some congenital malformations were found in offspring e.g. infertility of parent animal, under weight of Offspring, Delivery of dead offspring, some physically changes in shape and size etc. This congenital character may be cause physically or mentally handicapped e.g. Change in mandible shape, Ear size, Skin pigmentation, Eye color, skeletal abnormalities etc on long term study. After mating period, the male animals were allowed for laperotomy e.g. sperm analysis. The sperm analysis was compared between the cell phone treated group and without cell phone treated group. The present finding concludes that there was significant damage (* P< 0.05) i. e. 67.60 % of sperm cell in cell phone treated group for three month study. <br />
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15-20 |
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COMPARISONS OF EFFECTIVENESS, SAFETY, AND PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS BETWEEN LOW AND HIGH DOSES OF PIOGLITAZONE IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS
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*Wannakamol Sonsingh, Duangchit Panomvana and Wallaya Jongjaroenprasert |
Abstract
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Pioglitazone (PIO) is highly effective in decreasing blood glucose levels for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), but it can induce serious adverse events such as edema and heart failure (HF). Some previous studies showed that the efficacy on glucose control and lipid levels was not related to the difference in doses of PIO in opposite to the incidence of edema which was doses-dependent of PIO. To compare glucose control, lipid control, adverse events, and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters between low and high doses of PIO in T2D. Medical chart of 139 diabetic patients using PIO at Ramathibodi hospital were reviewed to compare outcomes and adverse effects between low and high doses of PIO. 38 patients who stabilized dose of PIO and agree to participate were recruited to collect 2 blood samples at 2 appropriated times and were analyzed their PIO concentrations, then, PK parameters were determined. The outcomes of glucose control and lipid control were not differences between low and high dose of PIO, but edema and HF events were significantly higher in high dose of PIO (P=0.010 and P=0.014, respectively). For PK parameters of PIO, elimination rate constant (ke) and clearance rate (CL) values of patients who were stabilized on high dose of PIO were significantly higher (P=0.022 and P=0.031, respectively) while elimination half-life (t1/2) was significantly shorter (P=0.007) than those who were stabilized on low dose of PIO. PK monitoring for optimal dose of PIO might possibly provide good controlling of blood glucose and lower adverse events in T2D. <br />
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8-14 |
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EXPANDING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY: AN EVALUATION OF GENERIC DRUG DISCOUNT PROGRAMS, PHARMACY BASED IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AND CONVENIENT CARE CLINICS
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*Jeffrey C. Keimer and Shaker A. Mousa |
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We evaluated the clinical and economic impact of generic drug discount programs (GDDPs), pharmacy based immunization services and convenient care clinics (CCCs) based upon existing literature, reviewing original research and case study reports using library databases, primarily MEDLINE and EBSCOHost. Keywords used included “generic discount list,” “four dollar generic,” “pharmacy immunization,” “flu shot,” “pharmacist immunizer,” “convenient care clinic,” “retail health clinic,” and “minute clinic.” We then added other terms such as “clinical impact,” “cost-effectiveness,” “outcomes,” and “perceptions.” While all 3 programs have the potential to clinically benefit patients and provide some level of cost-effectiveness, there are also concerns that need to be addressed. Some concerns include: a) GDDPs have the potential to cause fragmentation of care owing to patients going to other pharmacies in search of lower prices and prescription claims data not being captured by patients’ pharmacy benefit managers, b) GDDPs may be less cost effective in pharmacies with less purchasing power compared to larger chains, c) pharmacy based immunization services still face legal and social barriers that prevent pharmacists from being recognized as legitimate vaccine administrators, d) some insurance carriers still don’t pay for pharmacist-administered vaccinations, e) CCCs may not currently be located in areas that could best benefit from their services, f) CCCs may disrupt a patient’s continuity of care with their primary care physicians, and g) CCCs may hinder the efforts of pharmacists to expand their own professional roles by lessening the need for them to do so. Expanding the roles of community pharmacies has the potential to improve patient care by increasing patients' access to healthcare services. While strong evidence exists to support pharmacist-delivered immunizations, less is known regarding GDDPs and CCCs. More studies are required to assess the clinical and economic questions raised regarding these types of programs.
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1-7 |